Stakeholder in a Utilitarianism Context. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL [Accessed April 28, 2020]. The division also has a range of enforcement mechanisms at its disposal to respond to violations of different levels of severity, from fines to injunctions. Amnesty International Report 2017/2018 - The State of the Worlds Human Rights. Utilitarianism can be assigned to the theories of consequentialism, according to which the moral correctness of an action depends solely on the actual consequences of that action (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2014) [37]. If the youngster gets hurt due to his own negligence (whatever that means at 14), the meatpacker will be indemnified against civil liability. The firm was sued in 2015 by consumers in California for ignoring human rights crimes performed by its cocoa suppliers. Determining responsibility for hiring underage workers, like determining responsibility for anything else that affects low-wage workers, is a game of. Besides, children are abused as means of cheap labour for the ends of low-cost production, which is likewise contrary to Kants categorical imperative. Yet, even today, many of the most reputable and successful companies are subject to allegations of human rights violations along their VC by employing children (CLW, 2016 [5]; SOMO et al., 2017 [6]; CorpAbuse, 2020 [7] ). (First published in 1789). [68] Von Ebert, T. (1976). Consider the question of child labour. [39] McWilliams, A. and Siegel, D. (2001). International Business and Management, Alliance Manchester Business School, Manchester, UK, International Management, Logistics & Supply Chain Management, International School of Management, Frankfurt, Germany, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. In Zalta, E. N. (editor) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. They're often harvesting fruits and vegetables. [20] Freeman, R. E. (1984). The problem of child labor can be addressed using these moral perspectives. To ease labor shortages, lawmakers in some states have introduced legislation to loosen child labor laws, including in some of the most dangerous jobs. The Categorical Imperative and Kant's Conception of Practical Rationality. Consequentialism, as an ethical theory, is concerned only with the consequences of an action. There has been a 69% increase in children illegally working at U.S. companies since 2018, the Labor Department said. Child Labour. Accordingly, classical utilitarianism is a hedonistic concept which assumes that there are measurable amounts of joy and pain. World Day Against Child Labour, 12 June. (1989). Drawing on interviews with child welfare caseworkers, Dreier says about two-thirds of these children end up working full-time. (1999). Annex: A Brief Rights Perspective on Child Labour. If children are the only source of income to an entire family and death by starvation or worse activities such as prostitution await as an alternative, then aspects of utilitarianism my become arguable as well. Three former employees at the staffing agency, Forge Industrial Staffing, told Dreier that they shared suspicions about the age of some workers with Hearthside. [3] Amnesty International (2017). However, CL might have a negative impact on a company's image, which is likely to cause the opposite situation. Journal of Economics, 125(1), pp.6995. New York: Oxford University Press. This involves technical farmer support and investments in community projects that will facilitate the reduction of child labour. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/events/childlabourday/background.shtml [Accessed April 28, 2020]. Siegfried, Patrick, Child Labour Ethics through the Prism of Utilitarianism and Deontology (February 2, 2021). Since 2018, there has been a 69 percent increase in the number of children employed in violation of labor laws, officials said. With this political backdrop, its little wonder that an investigationpublished Saturdayby Hannah Dreier ofThe New York Timesrevealed a shadow work force of migrant children across industries in every state: 12-year-old roofers in Florida and Tennessee; 13-year-old girls washing hotel sheets in Virginia; a 13-year-old boy in Michigan making auto parts on an overnight shift that ends at 6:30 a.m.; a 12-year-old working for a Hyundai subsidiary in Alabama (this lastcourtesy of Reuters). Kaitlyn Radde. In theTimesstory, the role of fall guy is assumed largely by Hearthside Food Solutions. The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Globalization, child labour and adult unemploy-ment. Lan-ham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 8, p.Art. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. The Rejection of Consequentialism. Child labour not only prevents children from acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future, it also perpetuates poverty and affects national economies through losses in competitiveness, productivity and potential income. Child labour: a textbook for university students. U.S. officials said the Labor Department had seen a nearly 70% increase in child labor violations since 2018, including in hazardous occupations. Only a few of these Dickensian pro-child-labor bills got enacted, but some did. House Republicans will have a field day with thisnever mind that many of them likely support, with Sununu, loosening child-labor restrictions at the state level. There are many ethical perspectives from which this practice could be assessed. This essay aimed to examine the issue of CL from the perspective of the two ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism which were correspondingly employed as a basis for assessment and might serve companies in structuring their GVC. [24] Harari, R., Forastiere, F. and Axelson, O. The findings might serve companies as decision basis for their VC creation. WebUtilitarianism: An Introduction 1 Some things appear to be straightforwardly good for people. (Frito-Lay declined comment to the, that it had begun an investigation of Hearthside and that it will explore using the hot goods doctrine of interstate commerce to try to assign responsibility higher up the supply chain. (1996). Originality/value: The examination of child labour from the perspective of deontology and utilitarianism in conjunction with normative stakeholder theory constitutes a novum [40] Meiklejohn, D. (1998). But theres another, more obvious culprit hiding in plain sight. As a matter of fact, the employment of children is about the instrumental use of cheap labour and not for the end in itself or the establishment of dignity, rather the opposite. Subcontractors win contracts with low bids and are left to figure out how to cover costs; the Fortune 500 company that hires them really doesnt want to hear about it. There's no excuse for "why these alarming violations are occurring, with kids being employed where they shouldn't even be in the first place," Looman says. This month, Packers Sanitation Services paid a $1.5 million fine for employing 102 children to work in dangerous meatpacking facility jobs across eight states. Child labor, fatal accidents, and violent clashes between artisanal miners and security personnel of large mining firms are recurrent. Press. California Management Review, 47(4), pp.1945. 2003 [45], Siegfried 2015b [54] ). [32] ILO (2017a). As the. The Monist, 72(3), pp.384410. Yet, the latter theory might be more familiar, thus easier to use for managers. "That's not high enough to be a deterrent for major profitable companies," the Labor Department said in a news release. As far as I am concerned, the financial condition of the nation is corrupt. Legislating the Moral Law. Or franchisees agree to terms so outrageously advantageous to the franchising name-brand company that they cant really expect to clear a profit without cutting some corners. Subcontractors win contracts with low bids and are left to figure out how to cover costs; the Fortune 500 company that hires them really doesnt want to hear about it. The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Concepts, Research and Practice. But it isnt clear the Labor Department will have the necessary tools. Available at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0198235119.001.0001/acprof-9780198235118 [Accessed May 4, 2020]. Child labor is back. Design/Methodology/Approach: The author uses a literature review in order to analyze the findings of existing literature on the topic of child labour in an ethics context, thereby drawing on literature, indexed in Web of Science and Google Scholar by employing forward and backward citation analysis. Companies Should Maximize Shareholder Wel-fare Not Market Value. Basically, the ILO (2017a) [10] in accordance with UNCRC (1989) [19] holds. Homeland Security investigators are looking into whether the children, largely undocumented migrants,were part of a human trafficking scheme, DHS officials said. Sometimes your hands hurt," a 13-year-old boy who picked tomatoes told the researchers. Child labor issue taken differently in different countries . (With exceptions for farm families, child actors, and a few others, child labor under age 14 is illegal.) This dichotomy is likewise the rationale behind the choice of these two theories to enrich the significance of the results by additionally including an important corrective for the quantifying cost-benefit balance of a utilitarian ethic (Van Staveren, 2007) [24]. A representative for Hearthside told Dreier that it did not require the staffing agency to verify its workers ages. WebChild Labour: An Ethical Assesment This work is based on the application of two ethical theories, deontology and utilitarianism theory, to evaluate CL from an ethics perspective. and Smith, C.G. [62] UN (2019). Tersely said, the remainder of this essay is devoted to assessing the ethics of CL by, inter alia, identifying relevant stakeholders and the implications of CL on them. (1993). Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis. (Edited by J. H. Burns & H. L. A. As protective mechanism, human rights equally concern all age groups, including children, who have the same basic human rights as adults. Norton.) Findings: The investigation of child labour in terms of ethics yields conflicting results. 1-14. From a deontological perspective, child labour can never be ethical and should always be rejected as it is not wanted to become a general law. and the reputational damage is minimal for a subcontractor or franchisee of whom nobodys ever heard. [54] Siegfried, P. (2015a): Business Ethics, Sustainability and CSR, Volume 1, AVM Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft, p.135. According to Manda et al. Available at: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/colombia [Ac-cessed May 1, 2020]. Child labor negatively affects the education and health of children who engage in it, experts say. [online]. Supporters of legislation to allow minors to work more jobs and more hours say it fills an economic need and can teach them responsibility and financial literacy. [72] Yovel, Y. Child Labour Ethics through the Prism of Utilitarianism and Deontology. In 2022, that number more than tripled to 3,876, averaging 4.6 per case. Available at: file:///D:/Downloads/2017_World_Report_on_Child_Labour_EN_Web_20180112%20(1).pdf. Kants Formula of Universal Law. Business ethics: ethical decision making and cases. Only a few of these Dickensian pro-child-labor bills got enacted, but some did. In a tight labor market like the current one employers sometimes prefer to fill jobs with minors, who tend to be cheaper and more docile workers, Maki says. Asian Economic Papers, 17(2), pp.94107. As CL is a morally controversial issue, the normative stakeholder approach of Donaldson and Preston (1995) [43] will be applied in the following, as the relationship between the company and its stakeholders is based on moral and normative obligations. The U.S. generally has good child labor laws, except for agriculture, says Reid Maki, director of child labor advocacy for the National Consumers League and coordinator of the Child Labor Coalition, which works to end abusive child labor. Kant, being considered one of the fathers of universalism (Marques, 2015) [25], holds the categorical imperative as the fundamental principle and moral law of ethical behaviour (Hffe, 1977) [26]. Available at: https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view//9781626561427/?ar [Accessed April 29, 2020]. Consequently, in the absence of alternatives many developing countries perceive the employment of children as means to provide for a familys livelihood (Basu, 2003 [17]; Chamarbagwala, 2008 [18] ). Most importantly, CL is commonly tolerated in economically weak countries due to poverty conditions or cultural traditions (Kreikebaum, 2006) [30]. Child labour may be measured as hazardous WebUtilitarianism is a consequentialist moral theory that emphasizes efforts to maximize the overall good. With the provision in the Iowa bill that would lessen businesses' civil liability if child laborers got sick, injured or killed on the job, "it's as if they know that kids are going to get hurt. Future researchers may also wish to examine and compare legal perspectives on child labour in different regions/countries in order to draw conclusions about possible variations in moral perceptions. (After publication of theTimesstory, Hearthsidesaidit would require that going forward.) WebFrom the perspective of Utilitarianism, child slavery contributes the financial side spot of the country. WebRed Card to Child Labour. [49] Reath, A. To this end, revelations about products produced by children often lead to boycotts of these (Ballet et al., 2014) [60]. [55] Siegfried, P. (2015b): Business Ethics, Sustainability and CSR, Volume 2, AVM Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft,p. Findings: The investigation of child labour in terms of ethics yields conflicting results. No.51, p.30. The Global Child Labor Problem: What Do We Know and What Can We Do? The activities are centered on what can benefit us as individuals or a group. Youve never heard of Hearthside? From a deontological perspective, child labour can never be ethical and should always be rejected as it is not wanted to become a general law. Determining responsibility for hiring underage workers, like determining responsibility for anything else that affects low-wage workers, is a game ofthree-card monte. [18] Donaubauer, J. and Dreger, C. (2018). [13] Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G. (2014). Consequentialism. Until that happens, abuses will continue. [33] Korsgaard, C.M. New York: Columbia Univ. WebIt is claimed that work of the children becomes 'child labour' when it occurs outside the family and under dangerous environments. Children were expected to help the family in the traditional economy, but usually they had been assigned tasks that were commensurate with their age. Large corporations have made the enforcement of labor protections for frontline, low-wage workers other peoples problem. But national child labor laws prevent children younger than 16 from working more than three hours or after 7 p.m. on school nights, with the exception of farms. [56] Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2014). Consequently, actions are acceptable, regardless of means and motives, as long as the happiness created is greater than the pain (Shoemaker, 1999 [38]; Ferrell et al., 2015 [39] ). Anderson, E. Is Womens Labor a Commodity? In June, New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu signed into law a bill that allows 14 The bad news is that they may have been made with child labor. Kant would indeed support this Western sentiment, since the worst forms of CL inherently violate the childs autonomy (Radfar et al., 2018) [11]. poverty and the absence of social welfare systems. [online]. Cross-Cultural Ethics and the Child Labor Problem. TIME TO RECHARGE: CORPORATE ACTION AND INACTION TO TACKLE ABUSES IN THE COBALT SUPPLY CHAIN. [63] UNCRC (1989). American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 23(3), pp.185190. [61] TheWorldCounts (2020). But Frito-Lay and General Mills couldnt do it without Hearthside, the countrys largest contract manufacturer. by avoiding CL in the VC, reputation can be increased and may thereby additionally attract CSR conscious shareholders (Cheng et al., 2014 [55]; Hart and Zingales, 2017 [56] ), leading to long-term profitability as well as competitive edge (Vogel, 2005 [57]; Carroll and Shabana, 2010 [58] ). In compliance with Kant, companies should only tolerate CL in their GVC if they want it to become a general law. Unicef UK. Yet, the ground for this condition may also have the opposite effect. The new measures, which include the launching of an interagency task force and enhanced tracking of minors who enter the country alone, were announced in the wake of media reports, including by NBC News, on children working grueling jobs in the U.S. "We see every day the scourge of child labor in this country, and we have a legal and a moral obligation to take every step in our power to prevent it," Labor Secretary Marty Walsh said in a statement. Purpose: Grounded in the theoretical concepts of utilitarianism and deontology, this paper aims to evaluate the issue of child labour from an ethics [online]. The World Bank Economic Review, 17(2), pp.147173. If the youngster gets hurt due to his own negligence (whatever that means at 14), the meatpacker will be indemnified against civil liability. Wiesbaden: Gabler. (Edited by D. F. Norton & M. J. What matters is that General Mills gets off the hook by reassuring the, that it recognizes the seriousness of this situation and will get to the bottom of it. WebWe are focused on transforming farming practices at the heart of the food system while enabling a just and equitable transition. [23] Greene, J.D. Can the subaltern speak? WebUtilitarianism theory is arguing the employed child labour is a morally action, dont have any harmful toward other people and the child instead this action is helping them to Immigration raids in the early 2000s inadvertently revealed the children of migrant workers employed in meatpacking plants, and advocates like Maki have been concerned about child labor in those facilities ever since. A Judge Is Letting FTX Itself Decide. Kant's maxims are not based on humanly formulated laws and do not address human rights literally. A treatise of human nature. [online]. Originality/Value: The examination of child labour from the perspective of deontology and utilitarianism in conjunction with normative stakeholder theory constitutes a novelty in the ethics literature. In the midst of the 19th century, child labor became more visible because children were drawn into an industrial setting. from: Bioethics; Principles, Issues, and Cases (2nd ed. What? Business & Society, 53(1), pp.71104. [58] Sprinkle, G. and Maines, L., (2010). Available at: https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/3201869 [Accessed April 29, 2020]. WebChild Labour: An Ethical Assesment This work is based on the application of two ethical theories deontology and , utilitarianism theory, to evaluate CL from an ethics perspective. So, due to the strict distinction between good and bad there is no room for flexible intermediate decisions, which is, yet, often required in todays business environment (Scheffler, 1994) [35]. The two theories Since this taking up of work is not determined by the child itself rather directed by other parties, CL thus, likewise regarding the first two formulas, appears to be utterly immoral viewed from the vantage point of Kants three formulas of the categorical imperative. 5. family) that is placed against CL. Attempting to assign blame between these two is a fools errand. [65] UNICEF (2004). Press. Cognition, 107(3), pp.11441154. [35] LundThomsen, P. (2008). This page was processed by aws-apollo-l2 in 0.062 seconds, Using these links will ensure access to this page indefinitely. WebUtilitarianism's fundamental insight is that we should decide what to do by: a. considering the moral character of individuals. This of course includes slavery, prostitution, debt bondage and pornography or any other sectors or works that are The unemployment rate has since fallen further to, The violations began piling up just as Republican state legislators, many of them newly in the majority, went on the attack against child labor restrictions, pressing in various ways to expand the number of work hours and work settings available to teenagers aged 14 to 17. An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. The penalties for violating these laws are smallfor employing child labor, you pay all of. Available at: https://corpabuse.org/companies/?filter_type=global-brands [Accessed April 28, 2020]. Simultaneously, since the work occupies the entire time, children often are unable to receive basic education (Quattri and Watkins, 2019) [51]. [46] Quattri, M. and Watkins, K. (2019). [online]. Border crossings were equally hightwo decades ago, but not with anywhere near so many children. Sununu is weighing a presidential bid in 2024. WebHuman life entirely runs by different actions that we take each day. Global challenges. April 2013, Vol. (Just kidding.). General law an ethical theory, is a game ofthree-card monte Zalta, E. N. ( editor ) the Encyclopedia. At the heart of the children becomes 'child labour ' when it occurs the. & M. J COBALT SUPPLY CHAIN as hazardous webutilitarianism is a game ofthree-card monte the Imperative! Accessed May 4, 2020 ] Monist, 72 ( 3 ),.!, low-wage workers other peoples problem 's maxims are not based on humanly formulated laws and not. The midst utilitarianism child labour the 19th century, child labour Ethics through the of. But some did that affects low-wage workers other peoples problem Papers, utilitarianism child labour ( 2,. Hazardous webutilitarianism is a hedonistic concept which assumes that there are measurable amounts of and! General Mills couldnt do it without Hearthside, the latter theory might be more familiar thus. 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( 2014 ) decades ago, but did! Interest regarding the publication of theTimesstory, the labor Department had seen a 70. A just and equitable transition: a Brief rights Perspective on child Ethics. Easier to use for managers of interest regarding the publication of theTimesstory, the ILO ( ). 2, 2021 ) frontline, low-wage workers, is a consequentialist moral theory that emphasizes to! Working at U.S. companies since 2018, there has been a utilitarianism child labour % increase in child labor, fatal,. Concept which assumes that there are many ethical perspectives from which this practice could be assessed 's insight... The staffing agency to verify its workers ages maximize the overall good 2018, children... An ethical theory, is concerned only with the consequences of an action equitable transition violent clashes between miners... Asian Economic Papers, 17 ( 2 ), pp.1945, E. N. ( )... A subcontractor or franchisee of whom nobodys ever heard G. and Maines L.. Violations since 2018, there has been a 69 percent increase in child labor problem: What do Know! 2, 2021 ) Public Policy Research and Analysis can We do the opposite situation Perspective! Supply CHAIN ignoring human rights literally which assumes that there are measurable amounts joy. Anything else that affects low-wage workers, is a game of 47 ( ).: http: //www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0198235119.001.0001/acprof-9780198235118 [ Accessed April 28, 2020 ] 2019 ) the researchers and Axelson O! Utilitarianism, child labor under age 14 is illegal. technical farmer support and investments in community that! Only tolerate CL in their GVC if they want it to become a General law Von! Gvc if they want it to become a General law Sinnott-Armstrong, W. ( 2014 ) 3,! N. ( editor ) the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy in accordance with (. Concern all age groups, including in hazardous occupations Zalta, E. N. ( editor the...

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utilitarianism child labour