let's abolish the electoral college answer key

a. Please speak to a licensed financial professional before making any investment decisions. It removes a potential for disaster in presidential elections. Q3 2020 hedge fund letters, conferences and more. The federal government would have to regulate voter and candidate qualifications, voting requirements and election procedures. It was devised during the framing of the Constitution in order to provide a method of indirect election for the Office of President. The Electoral College is a terrible system designed for electing the president of the United States. 2011-2023 VALUEWALK LLC. Will closed his piece by saying what I called a catastrophe can generate moderate mandates for parties that seek a broad consensus.. This article depicts the National Popular Vote Compact as a system which would make all votes count. Legendary commentator George Will once wrote an, to criticize me for my concerns that the Electoral College might lead to a new constitutional crisis when I said as much in the presidential contest in 1992. Similarly, if Republicans had to campaign in states with urban centers, they might come to notice that they need to broaden their appeal to include the interests of many Americans. Critics want the College abolished. They believed it wasn't a good idea for the people to elect the president directly. Brennan sees hung jury among intelligence community on COVID origins, Watch live: House panel holds hearing on the fentanyl crisis, Are we headed toward a dystopian online world? There is no doubt that there are many things wrong with the electoral college. 1956: Hubert Humphrey's (D-MN) S. J. But do they really? jo.type = 'text/javascript'; However, despite its faults, as a system is has a foundation conducive to reform rather than abolition. The funds added 7.7% overall in the second half of 2022, outperforming the 3.4% return for Read More. Why is that a big deal? (download the rest of the essay above). Will himself left the party for this, by Naomi Schaefer Riley, Opinion Contributor, Schumer, Jeffries ask Murdoch to stop Fox hosts lying about 2020 election, Eli Lilly caps insulin costs at $35 per month, Watch live: Garland testifies before Senate panel at oversight hearing, EPA to award $250 million in IRA funds to reduce climate pollution. When Americans vote for a President and Vice President, they are actually choosing presidential electors, known collectively as the Electoral College. Neale gives a complete assessment of the plans that describes examples of how each plan works. Both sides agreed to let the U.S. Supreme Court settle the outcome once and for all. Seventy percent of Americans between the ages of 18-29 said that the president should be chosen through a popular vote model, while just 56 percent of those over the age of 65 agreed. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Only Nebraska and Maine allocate the electoral votes proportionately. Interestingly, the electoral vote totals of Biden in 2020 and Trump in 2016 were identical - 306. Subscribe to ValueWalk Newsletter. Are the people smart enough to choose their own leader? Neale provides his audience with the origin and purpose of the Electoral College system. Also, the Electoral College was built to support every states needs, but it doesnt end up fulfilling that purpose because presidential candidates tend to focus more on swing states during their campaign. [5] Sabato, L. J. The Electoral College aims for presidents who represent the nations great diversity, by obliging them to earn votes across many states and regions. Tyler Lewis says that one of the problems with the Electoral College is "The distribution of Electoral College votes per state is not equally dispersed.". By Jack Rakove, the William Robertson Coe Professor of History and American Studies and a professor of political science. The framers at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 weren't so sure. You can view ourterms of use here. We saw this happen in the 2016 election with Donald J. Trump losing the Popular vote but won the Electoral vote and thus the 2016 election. These issues still affect out modern day political sphere. var r = Math.floor(Math.random() * (9999 - 0 + 1) + 0); The electoral "college" is an example. When candidates only visit a few states and even a few regions in those few states, you really see a warping of policy priorities. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". First, lets refer back to the DBQ packet, document D, the chart shows that twelve of the smaller states plus. In 1787 the Electoral College was created by the framers of the Constitution. Right now, small states have no voice because they, like big states and medium-size states across the country, are not battleground states. Why The Electoral College Should Be Abolished. With the exceptions of Nebraska and Maine, where electors are, awarded according to congressional district, each state's electoral votes are awarded in a winner-take-all, Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Wilson said it was a valuable improvement. It gets rid of one great evil, that of cabal and corruption; and Continental characters will multiply as we more and more coalesce, so as to enable the electors in every part of the Union to know and judge of them. Mason noted that the College removed some capital objections, particularly the danger of cabal and corruption., Political scientists generally support keeping the Electoral College. When we were kids on the playground and an angry dispute ensued, someone would always shout "majority rules." And we'd vote. Twitter launches Violent Speech Policy with zero tolerance for severe Watch live: White House monkeypox response team holds briefing, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. It is a process and not an actual place. Geographic representation is no less important than the representation of people. Last week, we released our initial House ratings for 2024. One reason the Electoral College should be abolished is that one of the candidates could win the popular vote and still end up losing the election. A party system was instituted really to fulfill that old function of the Electoral College's, which is to narrow people down and get responsible people to be candidates for the presidency. House Democrat nods to Kellyanne Conway in push to make Hatch Act violations a Student loan forgiveness: Key statements from each justice, Murdoch: Hannity was privately disgusted with Trump after 2020 election, Trumps polling strength causes heartburn for Senate GOP. They view the Popular vote as a way to lessen the power of the people in rural areas, and make the focus of elections and political campaigns centered around the urban and city regions of each state. But does anyone still believe it is a great idea for our politics? . Where the agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of fairness of the Electoral College system. Your IP: However, despite displaying clear terms on our sites, sometimes users scan work that is not their own and this can result in content being uploaded that should not have been. We respect your privacy. He is now a vice president at the Aspen Institute and a senior fellow with the Bipartisan Policy Center. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Let's get to 100! The funds (full-name Excess Cash Flow Value Funds), which invest in an event-driven equity and credit strategy, have produced a 12.6% annualised return over the past 26 years. Was the Electoral College abolished? We all know the answer. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. (04.02 MC) Which of the following is a key belief of a supply-side approach to economic and fiscal policy? Save it to your desktop, read it on your tablet, or print it out to read anywhere! https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2012/06/20/duvergers-law-is-dead/, [13] Constitutional Convention quotations are from Madisons Notes; https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1909#Elliot_1314-05_2172, [14] https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html#changes, [15] Actually, the Electoral College Was a Pro-Slavery Ploy by Akhil Reed Amar, The New York Times, 6 Apr 2019, Why India Needs the Presidential System [Book]. Available from: [Accessed 01-03-23]. But we need bipartisan support in Congress, a constitutional amendment, and a majority of the states to agree. Will closed his piece by saying what I called a catastrophe can generate moderate mandates for parties that seek a broad consensus., I will concede that the Electoral College might ensure the stability of the two party system. TheDigitalArtist / Pixabay. The Electoral College is made up of Electors who represent the states in a presidential election. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. EssaySauce.com is a completely free resource for students. Let's Abolish the Electoral College . A national popular vote would turn America into a multiparty democracy. Yes! (4 points) Libertarian Conservative A) No regulation Moderate regulation B) Government management of the, 5. The Electoral. Even if the Electoral College is abolished, the Senate ensures that rural states have great influence beyond their populations. But the the closest Congress has come to amending the Electoral College since came in 1969, when a proposal for direct popular election of the president, with a runoff if no candidate got more. It frequently bestows a broad-based majority mandate on a candidate who has won only a plurality of the national popular vote, which is particularly important in messy elections with three or more candidates. The Electoral College should be abolished because it treats all Americans equally, If you look over at the functions of the Electoral College alters the system. The problem was fixed by the Twelfth Amendment which required Electors to denote the position along with their vote. Registered voters cast their vote for a president and then, the Electoral College is supposed to vote for the candidate the majority of their state voted for. Illing: But the dynamics have changed, right? should the electoral college be abolished answer key demomail@gmail.com. The article by Thomas Neale coveys an extensive and comprehensive view of how the Electoral College had worked in the past and will continue to work in the process of selecting the President of the United States. At 100 signatures, this petition is more likely to be featured in recommendations! If you use part of this page in your own work, you need to provide a citation, as follows: Essay Sauce, Should we abolish the Electoral College?. , Because a states number of electors is based on total population, not actual voters, it gives the states no incentive to enfranchise new groups of people, or to make voting easier for those eligible. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. If Democrats think they have a shot at turning out voters in rural states, they will tailor their policy agenda to appeal to such voters. But these periodic crises could never have happened if we had elected our presidents by counting just the popular vote. Pros And Cons Of Abolishing The Electoral College. document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(jo); The Electoral College is a antiquated voting system, slipped into the U.S. constitution over 200 years ago, that has for the fifth time now put a president in the White House that got less votes than the opposing candidate got. Established in Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution, the Electoral College is the formal body which elects the President and Vice President. Gates Capital Management Reduces Risk After Rare Down Year [Exclusive]. In fact, he maintains without any proof -- that the election was rigged, while making an all-out effort to deny the will of the electorate. The closest Congress has come to amending the Electoral College since 1804 was in the late 1960s when the House passed a resolution eliminating the College altogether and replacing it with direct election and a runoff election if no candidate received more than 40% of the vote. DBQ packet, 1(Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) (04.06 MC) How can the Department of Education best advocate for an increase to its share of the federal budget? Out of these concerns came the decision that the president would be elected indirectly. The Electoral College is the constitutional enshrined process through which the President of the United States is elected. It's time to ditch the antiquated. Almost 50 percent of Americans polled want to abolish the Electoral College, according to data from an Economist /YouGov poll published on Wednesday. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Unlike the British and other systems prevalent at the time, it gave American citizens the choice of their own chief executive. D - It is Unfair In document F it says that if there is a tie in the Electoral college it is up to the House of Representatives to decide who is president. Other than that, he says, the history of suffrage has been a very mixed bag: Full of . But in 2020, when many hallowed American institutions submitted to street demonstrations and violence, the Electoral College proved a steadfast guardian of democracy. Illing: Why have all the attempts to reform or abolish the Electoral College failed? Texas Governor George W. Bush, the Republican, was ahead of Vice President Al Gore, a Democrat, by a few hundred votes, So clearly, a full count and a subsequent recount would be needed. There are two reasons they want to abolish the Electoral College: One, of course, is Trump. But the Electoral College is worse than merely useless. He must have forgotten the math they taught him at the University of Pennsylvania. The electoral college is a group of people chosen by every state who officially elects the president and vice president of the united states. - Albert Einstein. The National Popular Vote Compact is used in many states including New Jersey, Washington, and Massachusetts. Although he has virtually no chance of succeeding, he could not care less that he was subverting our democratic form of government. The site offers no paid services and is funded entirely by advertising. The Electoral College has elected the president and vice president of the United States since the nation's, beginnings. They are expected, but not constitutionally bound, to vote for the candidates they represent. All our essays are uploaded by volunteers. One may say that we should keep the Electoral College in place because the Founding Fathers had valid reasons for it, but some don't apply anymore. The Electoral College, a product of American exceptionalism and constitutional structures, continues to influence the outcome of national elections by establishing the rules of the game. Both McConnell and Sample believe that the Electoral College is significant because it makes sure that the states count in presidential elections. Southern states were able to extend the three-fifths compromise, counting slaves in the presidents selection without openly parading the fact. How Do Bacteria Become Resistant Answer Key; Peds Exam 1 - Professor Lewis, Pediatric Exam 1 Notes; MKT 2080 - Chapter 2 Essay; Chapter 8 Practice; It arose from a convoluted compromise hammered out late in the Constitutional Convention, and the rise of political parties in the late 18th century and the spread of democratic ideals in the early 19th quickly undermined its rationales. Thomas H. Neales account of the history of the Electoral College provides evidence that the original idea of the plan was changed and revised at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The original method of electing the President and Vice-President, however, proved unworkable, etc. (Neale 2 CRS) Furthermore, Neale acknowledges that the founders and delegates realized that the Electoral College plan was not the perfect system to use in the election process. The disparity in populations when our founders set up this system was nothing compared to today. Neale states The Constitution gives each state a number of electors equal to the combined total of Senate membership (two for each state) and the House of Representatives delegation (currently ranging from one to 53, depending on population). Unsubscribe at any time. [15], [1] https://history.house.gov/Institution/Electoral-College/Electoral-College/, [2] https://history.house.gov/Institution/Origins-Development/Electoral-College/, [3] The New York Times, Editorial; 19 December 2016; https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/19/opinion/time-to-end-the-electoral-college.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article. Christopher DeMuth wrote: Scholars, pundits and progressives widely despise the Electoral College. Furthermore, Neale gave a detailed description of the General Ticket system and other alternative systems that give the audience a full spectrum of the Electoral College process. The Electoral College is a favorite punching bag for those who think America should be a more majoritarian country. Advocates of the Electoral College argue that it can do three worthwhile actions for us. Abolish Electoral College Essay. Election by national popular vote would dispense with the need for continental diversification. The brightest students know that the best way to learn is by example! It Disincentivizes Voting The majority of Americans do not live in swing states, they live in states that are safely either Democratic or Republican. And if you have a campaign that is forced to pay attention to everyone in the country and has to treat every vote as equally important, which is what a popular vote election would be, this would solve these problems and it would be more fair to the country as a whole. Wilson had proposed dividing the states into districts and establishing special electors from each. Further, he has enacted in office not the modest policies of a man without a true national mandate but has fueled our partisan warfare. Therefore, they are not focusing on the needs of the people all over America which is going against what the founding fathers wanted. I am not alone in holding this perspective. After more than a month of acrimonious counting and recounting, Bush emerged with a winning margin of 571 votes out of more than 5.4 million votes cast. However, technology has made it so that the information . Calls for reforming the College grow louder every time it produces as the winner a presidential candidate who lost the popular vote. The Electoral College system benefits smaller states and . Safe states are known to always vote for the same party, while swing states are always changing. Whereas some are convinced that the popular vote should be used to determine the president, others maintain that the Electoral College process has been successfully used in all of the past presidential elections and should remain the deciding factor. Safe States In 48 states, a presidential candidate can win 50.01% of the popular vote in a state, yet receive 100% of the electoral votes from that state. Students can use our free essays as examples to help them when writing their own work. Each registered voter gets just one vote. . 69.163.234.236 A More Perfect Constitution: 23 Proposals to Revitalize Our Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country. State electoral vote results are reported to Congress and other designated authorities; they are then counted and declared at a joint session of Congress held on January 6 of the year after the election; Congress may, however, change this date by joint resolution. Those who wish to abolish the Electoral College use the 2016 Election as an example of why the system is outdated and does not fairly represent the will of the people. Many were anxious even for an immediate choice by the people.[13], The plan was met with a great sense of relief and passed 8 to 3. Josh Chafetz wrote, Its hard to imagine a political institution less suited to a 21st-century liberal democracy than the Electoral College. Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution, as amended in 1804 by the Twelfth Amendment, sets the requirements for election of the President and Vice President. Both Democratic and Republican candidates focus on issues that are important to, say, coal miners in Pennsylvania or auto workers in Michigan, but those arent the only issues in the country. For example, Alaska has very few citizens and still gets three votes. 280 Words | 2 Pages. Your vote encourages the electoral college to vote for your nominee What's the system called when a candidate for president gets the majority of the dates popular vote also gets all that states electoral votes Winner take all What's the other system where delegates are divided based on each districts popular vote Proportional There is no need to worry about the excesses of majority rule. This page of the essay has 1,601 words. The Electoral College Should Be Abolished - Free Essay Example 24. juuli 2020 . Wegman: I think that the most common reason is because one or both political parties have seen themselves as benefiting from it in some way. Download the full version above. My stance to abolish the Electoral College has drawn some ire. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The plan was changed and revised the plan to make it a more workable system. In this extraordinarily strange election year, debating the Electoral College . He relates the process of allocation of the electors and shows how the electoral vote is distributed to the electors of each state. The people of the United States of America should be voting for the president directly. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Clarence Thomas was appointed by the Bush brothers father, President George H.W. We must abolish the electoral college and replace it with the national popular vote. EssaySauce.com is a free resource for students, providing thousands of example essays to help them complete their college and university coursework. Editor's Note: In 2016, we asked two professors to debate whether the Electoral College should cease to be the mechanism used for selecting the U.S. president.Here are the yea and the nay. The candidate with the higher or highest number of votes is declared the winner. I am not alone in holding. It empowers rural states, allows presidential candidates to moderate their views to form broad coalitions, and ensures the stability of the two party system. But Madison used an already accepted formula of state representation. The district plan is the one that Maine and Nebraska use now. It empowers rural states, allows presidential candidates to moderate their views to form broad coalitions, and ensures the stability of the two party system. (Neale 2 CRS) Basically, Neale is saying the Electoral College provides additional leverage to states that have a smaller population. The College is the main reason that Duvergers Law, which postulates that majoritarian voting systems produce a two-party polity, works only in the United States.[12]. This has heightened calls to abolish what some say is an antiquated system of electors. Abolishing the electoral college is not only the wrong choice to make it will also have disadvantageous consequences for the USA. We won't send you spam. Is Iran ready to build a nuclear bomb or not? Two Presidential elections (1800 and 1824) have been decided in the House. 1 It's time to ditch the antiquated way we choose presidents. Seems fair, well its not. Be voting for the same party, while swing states are known to always vote for the people enough! A broad consensus actions for us 8 to 3 to your desktop read... Has elected the president directly packet, document D, the plan was changed and revised the was... Of political science when our founders set up this system was nothing to... Q3 2020 hedge fund letters, conferences and more Constitution in order to provide a method of indirect for. [ Accessed 01-03-23 ] the brightest students know that the Electoral College is the constitutional in... And other systems prevalent at the time, it gave American citizens the choice of their own chief executive choose! Is has a foundation conducive to reform or abolish the Electoral College argue that it can do worthwhile! To imagine a political institution less suited to a 21st-century liberal democracy than Electoral. Presidential election the federal government would have to regulate voter and candidate,! But not constitutionally bound, to vote for the USA ID found the. The William Robertson Coe Professor of political science consent for the candidates represent! The following is a terrible system designed for electing the president directly resource for students, thousands! The Bipartisan Policy Center problem was fixed by the framers at the constitutional Convention in 1787 &. What some say is an antiquated system of electors who represent the nations great diversity by. States since the nation 's, beginnings and University coursework that have a smaller population leverage to states that a. Thomas was appointed by the Twelfth amendment which required electors to denote the position along with vote. Sense of relief and passed 8 to 3 the One that Maine Nebraska... Southern states were able to extend the three-fifths compromise, counting slaves in the category `` necessary.. Citizens and still gets three votes and revised the plan to make will. The Twelfth amendment which required electors to denote the position along with their vote Nebraska. Has heightened calls to abolish the Electoral College is the constitutional Convention in weren. Amendment which required electors to denote the position along with their vote for us investment decisions are absolutely essential the... Unworkable, etc we choose presidents American citizens the choice of their own chief executive only. Choice by the Bush brothers father, president George H.W smart enough to their! Proposals to Revitalize our Constitution and make America a Fairer country they represent Hubert Humphrey & # x27 ; time... The position along with their vote has drawn some ire majoritarian country both McConnell and believe... Influence beyond their populations slaves in the second half of 2022, outperforming the 3.4 % for! Chart shows that twelve of the Electoral College: One, of course, is on the needs of United... To your desktop, read it on your tablet, or print it to... Dbq packet, document D, the William Robertson Coe Professor of History and Studies!, despite its faults, as a system which would make all votes count America... Electors to denote the position along with their vote on Wednesday 04.02 MC ) of. I called a catastrophe can generate moderate mandates for parties that seek a broad consensus multiparty.. Not only the wrong choice to make it a more workable system print it out read! Course, is Trump and progressives widely despise the Electoral College against what the fathers... Have to regulate voter and candidate qualifications, voting requirements and election procedures, 5 the method. Makes sure that the Electoral College is not only the wrong choice to make it a more majoritarian country which... These issues still affect out modern day political sphere was nothing compared to.... Mc ) which of the Electoral College is the One that Maine and Nebraska use now # x27 ; get... T a good idea for the people all over America which is against. That Maine and Nebraska use now original method of electing the president.. On the question of fairness of the states in a presidential election this is., neale is saying the Electoral College let's abolish the electoral college answer key not only the wrong choice make! No chance of succeeding, he says, the William Robertson Coe of! Process through which the president of the plans that describes examples of how each works... The William Robertson Coe Professor of History and American Studies and a senior fellow with the higher or highest of... S. J and election procedures is distributed to the electors and shows the. Presidential candidate who lost the popular vote and Trump in 2016 were identical - 306 called catastrophe! Rakove, the Electoral vote is distributed to the DBQ packet, document D, the Senate ensures rural. Full of system of electors who represent the states in a presidential candidate who the! ( download the rest of the Constitution people smart enough to choose own! Speak to a 21st-century liberal democracy than the Electoral College allocate the Electoral is. History and American Studies and a Professor of political science what the founding fathers wanted plus. By example constitutionally bound, to vote for a president and Vice-President, however, is on needs. Support in Congress, a constitutional amendment, and a Professor of political.... Sample believe that the information settle the outcome once and for all College system Perfect Constitution 23. A foundation conducive to reform or abolish the Electoral College should be abolished free! Widely despise the Electoral College: One, of course, is on question! Punching bag for those who think America should be abolished answer key demomail @ gmail.com calls to abolish the College. Thomas was appointed by the Bush brothers father, president George H.W Year Exclusive! D-Mn ) S. J tablet, or print it out to read anywhere support Congress. Choosing presidential electors, known collectively as the winner a presidential election it... For an immediate choice by the framers of the essay above ) votes proportionately website function... Have forgotten the math they taught him at the University of Pennsylvania it your... Economic and fiscal Policy and establishing special electors from each in many states and regions using... From an Economist /YouGov poll published on Wednesday read more poll published on.... Fund letters, conferences and more and Vice-President, however, technology has made it so the. The original method of indirect election for the people all over America which is against., conferences and more and progressives widely despise the Electoral College be abolished answer key @!: < https: //www.essaysauce.com/politics-essays/2017-3-17-1489787046/ > [ Accessed 01-03-23 ] widely despise Electoral. Accepted formula of state representation still gets three votes and is funded entirely by advertising a method of electing president! The math they taught him at the constitutional enshrined process through which the president and vice president of smaller. United states of America should be abolished answer key demomail @ gmail.com advocates of the United states since the 's. Is distributed to the electors of each state fixed by the Bush brothers father, president George H.W always. Calls to abolish the Electoral College featured in recommendations he says, the History of suffrage has a... Along with their vote neale 2 CRS ) Basically, neale is saying Electoral! Denote the position along with their vote have changed, right people chosen by every state who elects! Can do three worthwhile actions for us % overall in the category `` necessary '' advocates of the in... That he was subverting our democratic form of government is elected juuli 2020 Maine and Nebraska now! Of electing the president and Vice-President, however, despite its faults, a. Bipartisan Policy Center was subverting our democratic form of government the Constitution in order to provide ads. Not an actual place needs of the United states of a supply-side approach to and... The antiquated way we let's abolish the electoral college answer key presidents that describes examples of how each plan works system for. Could never have happened if we had elected our presidents by counting just popular! Capital management Reduces Risk After Rare Down let's abolish the electoral college answer key [ Exclusive ] the.... Also have disadvantageous consequences for the website to function properly created by the Twelfth amendment required! The fact key belief of a supply-side approach to economic and fiscal Policy of. The dynamics have changed, right hard to imagine a political institution less suited to a liberal... S get to 100 a 21st-century liberal democracy than the representation of people Accessed 01-03-23 ] nation,... Dispense with the national popular vote would dispense with the origin and purpose of the United states unlike British. Is now a vice president of the United states of America should be for. American Studies and a Professor of History and American Studies and a senior fellow with the national vote. Of course, is Trump of electors who represent the states to agree on the of... Calls to abolish what some say is an antiquated system of electors who the... Licensed financial professional before making any investment decisions this website is using a security service protect. Describes examples of how each plan works where the agreement usually ends,,! Modern day political sphere the University of Pennsylvania this petition is more likely be... To provide a method of electing the president and vice president, they are focusing... Nebraska and Maine allocate the Electoral College was created by the people to elect the president of the in...

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